Draupadi (Sanskrit: ???????, Sanskrit pronunciation: [d?r??p?d?i]) is the most important female character in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. According to the epic, she is the daughter of Drupada, King of Panchala.
Draupadi is considered as one of the Panch-Kanyas or Five Virgins.
Video Draupadi
Etymology
Like other epic characters, Draupadi is referred to by multiple names in the Mahabharata. Her names are as follows:
- Draupad? - (Sanskrit: ???????) - daughter of Drupada.
- K???? - (Sanskrit: ??????) - one who has a dark complexion.
- Panchal? - (Sanskrit: ????????) - one from the land of Panchala.
- Yajñasen? - (Sanskrit: ?????????) or Yajñasen? (?????????) - daughter of Yajnasena, another name of Drupada. Alternately, one born from a Yajña or fire-sacrifice. Of the two variants of the name, the effeminate former is preferred over the more classical latter in Puranic texts.
- Drupadakanya - (Sanskrit: ???????????) - the daughter of Drupada.
- Sairandhr? - (Sanskrit: ?????????) - an expert maid (her assumed name during her second exile in which she worked as Virat kingdom's queen Sudeshna's hair-stylist.
- Par?at? - (Sanskrit: ??????) - the granddaughter of P??ata.
- Nityayuvan? - (Sanskrit: ??????????) - one who never becomes old.
- Malin? - (Sanskrit: ??????) - one who makes garlands.
- Yojanagandha - (Sanskrit: ?????????) - she whose fragrance can be felt for miles.
Maps Draupadi
Birth
According to the epic Mah?bh?rata, Bareilly region (Panchala) is said to be the birthplace of Draupadi, who was also referred to as 'Panchali'. King Drupada of Panchala had been defeated by the Pandava prince Arjuna on behalf of Drona, who subsequently took half his kingdom. To gain revenge on Drona, he performed a yajña called Putrakameshti yajna to obtain a means of besting him. From the sacrificial fire, Draupadi emerged as a beautiful dark-skinned young woman after her sibling Dhrishtadyumna. When she emerged from the fire, a heavenly voice said that she would bring about the destruction of the Kuru line. Draupadi is described in the Mahabharata as a very beautiful woman of that time.
Marriage
Drupada intended to wed his daughter to Arjuna. Upon hearing of the Pandavas' supposed death at Varnavata, he set up a Swayamvara contest for Draupadi to choose her husband from the competitive contest. At the Swayamvara, almost all the assorted monarchs were unable to complete the challenge.There are at most three primary variations regarding Karna's participation. The popular rendition shows Draupadi refusing to marry Karna on account of being a Suta, some versions describe him missing the target by the "breadth of a hair", while others do not present his participation in the event at all.The Critical Edition of Mahabharat compiled by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute has officially identified the Draupadi's rejection as a later insertion into the text. It is ambiguous, however, whether Karna failed or didn't participate at all.
Mahabharata has multiple versions, recensions, retelling spread all over the Indian subcontinent. As a result, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute published what they intend as a clean critical edition in 1919, to aid in having uniformity among scholars. The result was the Mahabharata Project. Various manuscripts(1259 in number) were collected from all across the nation, and collated using critical apparatus. Complicated logical and linguistic formulae were applied to identify the oldest shlokas and pull out later contamination as far as possible. After 60 years of extensive and exhaustive research, BORI published the first Critical Edition in 1966. While comparing and collating these thousands of manuscripts, it was discovered with much surprise that Draupadi's rejection sequence - which by the time had become a very popular story - appears only in the newer manuscripts of the epic, those which were mainly composed after 16th to 17th Century AD. Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar, General Editor of BORI published a comprehensive "Prolegomena to the Adi Parva", in which he lay bare the reasons for the removal of various later created, spurious incidents in the Critical Edition, based on documented evidence and instrinsic probability. In Prolegomena(Page 65), he disclosed that Draupadi's rejection was found only in six out of 1259 Sanskrit manuscripts. The ones which contained the rejection were relatively newer, and the insertion was evidently the work of a later Vyaisaid. It appears that the rejection scene became a mainstream incident only after Neelakantha Chaturdhara published his famous commentary Bharatabhavadipa in the later half of 17th Century AD. Furthermore, M.A. Mehendale published an article in the book "Annals of Bhardarkar Oriental Research Institute", named "Interpolations in the Mahabharata", found in public domain, where she shed more light into the matter. She explained, Draupadi's rejection is not only later addition, but also an unrealistic situation, given the patriarchal era, when women had little choice in political alliances, especially in those Swayamvars or 'self-choice ceremony', where she was nothing more than "Viryasulka" or a prize to be offered to the winner of the contest. Interestingly, the prominent retelling and translations of Mahabharata published before 17th Century AD, namely Mahabharata by Kashiram Das in Bengali(15th-16th Century), Mahabharata in Oriya by Sarala Das (15th Century AD), Villi Bharatham in Tamil by Villiputturaar Alvaar (14th Century AD), Razmnama, Persian translation of Mahabharata(16th Century AD) have no mention of Draupadi's rejection either. Even the Southern manuscripts in Sanskrit, as pointed out by Sukthankar, have no instance of rejection by Draupadi. Thus, the Critical Edition has omitted the incident as later insertion to the text. Despite the documented evidence provided by BORI, as Mehendale puts it in her essay, some of these incidents are so "deeply impressed on the popular mind" that they "still continue to haunt public mind". Most fictional novels and TV series, such as the 1988 series Mahabharat, continue to depict the rejection scene for maximum dramatic effect and sensationalism. However, the Critical Edition (also known as Poona Edition) is now considered an authoritative source on Mahabharat.
In the end, Arjun succeeds in the task, dressed as a Brahmin. As the other attendees, including the Kauravas, protest at a Brahmin winning the competition and attack, Arjuna and Bhima protect Draupadi and are able to retreat. When Draupadi arrives with the five Pandavas to meet Kunti, they inform her that Arjuna won alms, to which Kunti says, "Share the alms equally". This motherly command leads the five brothers to become the five husbands of Draupadi.
Draupadi as the Empress
With the Pandavas' survival revealed, a succession crisis was started. Upon the news of Yudhishthira's death, the title of crown prince had fallen to Duryodhana. Dhritrashtra invites the Pandavas to Hastinapur and proposes that the kingdom be divided. The Pandavas are assigned the wasteland Khandavprastha, referred to as unreclaimed desert. With the help of Krishna, Pandavas rebuilt Khandavprastha into the glorious Indraprastha. The crown jewel of the kingdom was built at the Khandava forest, where Draupadi resided in the "Palace of Illusions". Yudhishthira performed the Rajasuya Yagna with Draupadi by his side; the Pandavas gained lordship over many regions. A lesser known fact is Draupadi's role as an Empress. Trained in economy, she took upon the responsibility of looking after the treasury of the Empire, and also ran a citizen liaison. Her duties as a busy Empress are mentioned in her famous conversation with Satyabhama, Krishna's favourite wife, during their exile.
Duryodhana's insult
There is a popular story that is believed to be the reason why Duryodhana hated Draupadi. Duryodhana and his entourage were exploring the keep during their visit to Yudhishthira's Rajasuya Yagna. While touring the grounds, an unsuspecting Duryodhana fell prey to one of the many illusions that could be seen all around the palace. When he stepped on the apparently solid part of the courtyard, there was a splash and Duryodhana found himself waist deep in water, drenched from head to foot by the hidden pool. Draupadi and her maids saw this from the balcony and were amused. Duryodhana felt extremely insulted that Draupadi and her maids saw his embarrassing predicament. Draupadi joked Andhasya Putra Andhaha meaning 'a blind man's son is blind'. This famous story does not feature in Veda Vyasa's Mahabharatha. The story of 'blind man's son is blind' was the figment of imagination of much later playwright. It gained immense popularity gradually, and was repeatedly depicted in various adaptations of the epic across the length and breadth of the country. The most popular depiction was by B.R. Chopra in his masterpiece Mahabharata series that aired on Doordarshan in 1988. We find several references to blindness of the characters by eminent playwright Dharmveer Bharti, in his famous play 'Andha Yuga'. The play was published in 1954-55, in Hindi weekly magazine, Dharma Yuga.
In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, the scene is quite different. It was Bhima, Arjuna, and the twin brothers alongside their retinues who had witnessed Duryodhana's fall and laughed with their servants. In the Sanskrit epic, Draupadi is not mentioned in the scene at all, either laughing or insulting Duryodhana. Nonetheless, Duryodhana felt insulted by the behavior of the four Pandavas, stoking his hatred of them. Later on, he went back to Hastinapur, and expressed his immense agony on witnessing the riches of the Pandavas to his blind father, which was the root cause for inviting his cousins for the dice-game. His main wish was to usurp the wealth of his cousins which they had accumulated on account of the Rajasuya Yajna. Known to few, during this conversation, Duryodhan mentions how he had observed Draupadi serving food to everyone, including physically challenged citizens as the Empress. He says to his father,"And, O king, Yajnaseni, without having eaten herself, daily seeth whether everybody, including even the deformed and the dwarfs, hath eaten or not."
He also expressed his wrath at having fallen into a pool of water, and being laughed at mockingly, mainly by Bhima, followed by Arjun, Nakul, Sahadeva and other menials in the palace. It is here, where he fleetingly mentioned Draupadi's name, who accordingly to Duryodhan, had "joined in the laughter with other females." Whether Duryodhana was speaking an untruth or her name was a later addition into this part of the text is debatable.
This laughter of Draupadi's was later on singled out and romanticized by various poets and bards for years as a symbolic cause for the dice-game, and eventually the war. In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, Draupadi's role in insulting Duryodhana is trivial compared to the exaggerated treatment it has received in popular adaptations.
The game of dice
This key incident is often considered to mark a definitive moment in the story of Mahabharata. It is one of the driving reasons that ultimately led to the Kurukshetra war.
Together with his maternal uncle Shakuni, Duryodhana conspired to call on the Pandavas to Hastinapur and win their kingdoms in a game of gambling. There is a famous folklore that the plan's architect, Shakuni had magic dice that would never disobey his will, as they were made from the bones of Shakuni's father. This story however is non-existent in the Sanskrit epic. As the game proceeds, Yudhishthira loses everything at first. In the second round, Yudhishthira's brother Nakula is stake, and Yudhishthira loses him. Yudhisthira subsequently gambles away Sahdev, Arjuna and Bheem. Finally, Yudhishthira puts himself at stake, and loses again. For Duryodhana, the humiliation of the Pandavas was not complete. He prods Yudhishthira that he has not lost everything yet; Yudhishthira still has Draupadi with him and if he wishes he can win everything back by putting Draupadi at stake. Inebriated by the game, Yudhishthira, to the horror of everybody present, puts Draupadi up as a bet for the next round. Playing the next round, Shakuni wins. Draupadi was horrified after hearing that she was staked in the game and now is a slave for Duryodhana. Draupadi questions Yudhishthira's right on her as he had lost himself first and she was still the queen. Duryodhana, angry with Draupadi's questions, commands his younger brother Dushasana to bring her into the court, forcefully if he must.
Dushasana drags Draupadi to the court by the hair. Seeing this, Bheem pledges to remove Dushasana's hands, as they touched Draupadi's hair. Now in an emotional appeal to the elders present in the forum, Draupadi repeatedly questions the legality of the right of Yudhishthira to place her at stake.
In order to provoke the Pandavas further, Duryodhana bares and pats his thigh looking into Draupadi's eyes, implying that she should sit on his thigh. In rage Bhima vows in front of the entire assembly that he would break that thigh of Duryodhana, or accept being Duryodhana's slave for seven lifetimes. At this time Vikarna, a brother of Duryodhana asks the kings assembled in the court to answer the question of Draupadi. He gives his opinion that Draupadi is not won rightfully as Yudhishthira lost himself first before staking her. Besides, no one has right to put a woman on bet according to shastras; not a husband, father, or even the gods. Hearing these words, Karna gets angry and says that when Yudhishthira lost all his possession he also lost Draupadi, even specifically staking her. Karna calls Draupadi 'unchaste' for being the wedded wife of five men, adding that dragging her to court is not surprising act whether she be attired or naked. He orders Dushasana to take away the rich garments of Pandavas and Draupadi. Seeing her husbands' passivity, Draupadi prays to Krishna to protect her. A miracle occurs henceforward, which is popularly attributed to Krishna. Dushasana unwraps layers and layers of her sari. As her sari keeps getting extended, everyone looks upon in awe, and Dushasana himself is forced to stop due to exhaustion. At this point, a furious Bhima vows to drink the blood from his chest, at the pain of not seeing his ancestors/entering heaven. This vow unsettles the entire court.
The only Kauravas who object to the disrobing of Draupadi in the court are Vikarna and Vidura. Vidura openly calls Duryodhana a snake and a demon, but after finding no support even from his own brother, Vidura is helpless. Karna further orders Dushasana to take Draupadi to the servants' quarters and derisively asks her to choose another husband who unlike Yudhistira would not gamble her away. Just then, jackals call out as a mark of evil omen. Queen mother Gandhari enters the scene and counsels Dhritarashtra to undo her sons' misdeeds. Fearing the ill-omens, Dhritarashtra intervenes and grants Draupadi a boon. Draupadi asks that her husband Yudisthir be freed from bondage so her son Prativindhya would not be called a slave. In order to pacify her further, Dhritarashtra offers a second boon. Calmly, she asks for the freedom of the Pandavas along with their weapons. When Dhritarashtra asks her for her third wish, she reminds him that a kshatriya woman can seek only two wishes,three would be a sign of greed. Dhristarashtra gives them back their wealth, and grants them permission to go home.
Amused by the sudden turn of events, Karna remarks that they "have never heard of such an act, performed by any of the women noted in this world for their beauty." He taunts the Pandavas by praising their wife, as she had rescued them "like a boat from their ocean of distress"
Having restored their pride and wealth, the Pandavas and Draupadi leave for Indraprastha, only to receive another invitation for a game of dice, in which the loser would be given an exile of 12 years followed by a year of Agnathavas, meaning "living in incognito". Yudhishtira yet again accepts the invitation and loses,and goes on an exile with his brothers and wife Draupadi.
Living in exile
Abduction by Jayadratha
While the Pandavas were in the Kamyaka forest, they often went hunting, leaving Draupadi alone. At this time Jayadratha, the son of Vriddhakshatra and the husband of Duryodhana's sister Dussala, passed through Kamyaka forest on the way to Salwa Desa. Jayadratha met Draupadi and then started beseeching her to go away with him and desert her husbands. Draupadi pointed out the immorality of deserting one's spouses when they were in difficulty, and attempted to stall and dissuade Jayadradtha by describing how the Pandavas would punish him. Failing with words, Jayadratha forced her onto his chariot. Meanwhile, the Pandavas finished their hunt and found Draupadi missing. Learning of their wife's abduction by Jayadratha they rushed to save her. On seeing the Pandavas coming after him, Jayadratha left Draupadi on the road, though ultimately the Pandavas managed to arrest him. Yudhishthira urged Bhima to spare Jayadratha's life for the sake of Dussala and Gandhari, much to the indignation of Draupadi. In some versions of the story, Yudhishthira asks Draupadi to pass the sentence since it was she who was attacked, and she begrudgingly counsels to spare him because of the relations they share. Before freeing him, the Pandavas shaved Jayadratha's head at five places in order to publicly humiliate him.
Kichaka's death
On the year they had to go into exile, the Pandavas chose to stay in the Matsya Kingdom.
One day Kichaka, and the commander of king Virata's forces, happened to see the Draupadi. He was filled with lust by looking at her and requested her hand in marriage. Draupadi refused him, saying that she was already married to Gandharvas. She warned Kichaka that her husbands were very strong and that he would not be able to escape death at their hands. Later, he forced his sister, the queen Sudeshna, to help him win Draupadi. Sudeshana ordered Draupadi to fetch wine from Kichaka's house, overriding Draupadi's protests. When Draupadi went to get wine, Kichaka tried to molest her. Draupadi escaped and runs into the court of Virata. Kichaka kicked her in front of all the courtiers, including Yudhishthira. Fearful of losing his most powerful warrior, even Virat did not take any action. Bhima is present, and only a look from Yudhishthira prevents him from attacking Kichaka. Furious, Draupadi asked about the duties of a king and dharma. Draupadi then cursed Kichaka with death by her husband's hand. Laughing it off, Kichaka only doubted their whereabouts and asked those present where are the Ghandaravas were. Yudhishthira then told Sairandhri to go to the temple, as Kichaka would not do anything to her there (in some versions, he recommends she seeks refuge with the queen). With this, the king asked Kichaka to leave and praised Yudhishthira's reply as he himself could not think of anything.
Later that night, Arjuna consoled Draupadi, and with Bhima, they hatched a plan to kill Kichaka. Draupadi meets with Kichaka, pretending to actually love him and agreeing to marry him on the condition that none of his friends or brothers would know about their relationship. Kichaka accepted her condition. Draupadi asked Kichaka to come to the dancing hall at night. Bhima(in the guise of Draupadi), fights with Kichaka and kills him.
Kurukshetra War
During the war, Draupadi stays at Ekachakra with other women. On the 16th day, Bhima kills Dushasana, drinking his blood and fulfilling his oath.
There is a popular myth often depicted in well-known adaptations on Mahabharata. It says, Draupadi washed her hair with her brother-in-law Dushasana's blood, as a mark of her vengeance against the molestation she had suffered at the dice-game. Though an extremely powerful and symbolic theme, this incident does not appear in Vyasa's Sanskrit Mahabharata. Alf Hiltebeitel in his acclaimed research work, "The Cult of Draupadi" explores the source of this myth as he travels through the rural areas of South India. He discovers that the first literary mention of the blood-washing theme appeared in "Venisamhara" or "Braiding The Hair (of Draupadi)", a Sanskrit play written in the Pallava period by eminent playwright Bhatta Narayana. Since then, this powerful theme of vengeance had been used in most retellings and adaptations on Mahabharat, thus mistakenly attributing the authorship to Veda Vyasa.
Ashwatthama
Ashwathama, in order to avenge his father's as well as other Kuru warriors' deceitful killing by the Pandavas, attacks their camp at night with Kripacharya and Kritavarma.Ashwathama killed Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, Upapandavas, and the remaining Pandava and Panchala army. In the morning, Yudhishthira hears the news and asks Nakula to bring Draupadi from Matsya kingdom. Draupadi vows that if the Pandavas do not kill Ashwatthama, she would fast to death. The Pandavas find Ashwatthama at Vyasa's hut. Arjuna and Ashwatthama end up firing the Brahmashirsha astra at each other. Vyasa intervenes and asks the two warriors to withdraw the destructive weapon. Not endowed with the knowledge to do so, Ashwatthama instead redirects the weapon to Uttara's womb, killing the Pandavas' only heir. Krishna curses him for this act. Ashwathama is caught by the Pandavas, and his jewel is taken away. Draupadi gives the jewel to Yudisthir and forgives the killer of her children. Due to the power of meditation, her wrath is subdued and she lets go off Ashwathama, son of their Preceptor Drone saying, "I desired to only pay off our debt for the injury we have sustained. The preceptor's son is worthy of my reverence as the preceptor himself. Let the king bind this gem on his head, O Bharata!"
Death and to heaven
When her husbands retired from the world and went on their journey towards the Himalayas and heaven, she accompanied them, and was the first to fall on the journey. When Bhima asked Yudhishthira why Draupadi had fallen, Yudhishthira names Draupadi's partiality towards Arjuna as the reason.
On the remaining journey, the rest of the Pandavas all fall, with only Yudhishthira surviving. Eventually, when Yudisthir goes to heaven, he sees Draupadi sitting in meditation in the form Goddess Sri. He is told, that the Goddess had taken birth in the form of Draupadi to be the wife of the Pandavas.
Children
Draupadi had five sons, one son each from the Pandava brothers. They were known as Upapandavas. Their names were Prativindhya, Sutasoma, Shrutakarma, Satanika, and Shrutasena. Ashwatthama killed Upapandavas during his surprise raid on Pandava camp. According to legends and folktales, She had a daughter called Suthanu as well, from Yudhishthira. She was born when they were in exile and after Kurukshetra War, she married Swarabhanu, Krishna-Satyabhama's son.
Polyandry
Polyandry, was not regarded without censure by the society spoken of in the epic. The Indo-Aryan texts almost never mention or allow polyandry, although polygamy was common among men of higher social ranks. Her marriage to five men was controversial. However, when questioned by Kunti to give an example of polyandry, Yudhishthira cites Gautam-clan Jatila (married to seven Saptarishi) and Hiranyaksha's sister Pracheti (married to ten brothers).
Draupadi as a Goddess and Deity
The Draupadi Amman cult (or Draupadi cult) is a tradition that binds together a community of people in worshipping Draupadi Amman as a village goddess with unique rituals and mythologies. The cult believes that Draupadi is the incarnation of the goddess Kali. Fire walking or theemithi is a popular ritual enacted at Draupadi Amman temples. At the ancient religious festival of Bengalore named Karaga, Draupadi is worshipped as an incarnation of Adishakti and Parvati in the nine day event.
There are over 400 temples dedicated to Draupadi in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and other countries like Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius, Réunion, South Africa. In these communities, Draupadi is worshiped mainly by people of the Vanniyar caste. There are a few processions and festivals which are conducted for about 3 weeks a year. The most famous festival is in the village Durgasamudram, Tirupati of Chittoor district.
In media and television
In B.R.Chopra's Mahabharat, Draupadi was portrayed by Roopa Ganguly.
In the 2008 Television series, Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki, Draupadi was enacted by Anita Hassanandani Reddy.
In 2013 Mahabharat TV Series, Draupadi was played by Pooja Sharma.
In Dharmakshetra (2014), Draupadi was portrayed by Kashmira Irani
In Suryaputra Karna (2015 TV Series) Draupadi was portrayed by Pankhuri Awasthy
In Draupadi (DD Kisan) Mitali Nag essays the role of Draupadi from Village Boy Production and
In literature
The fiery heroine of Mahabharata has been the topic of research and debate for centuries. There are various award-winning plays and novels attributed to her.
- Yajnaseni by Pratibha Ray - This novel, originally written in Oriya was the recipient of Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award in India. It was also translated in various languages like English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, etc.
- The Palace of Illusions: A Novel by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni - This novel is an award-winning international bestseller. Though deviated much from the Sanskrit text, Divakaruni manages to bring up the emotions of Draupadi, re-imagining the whole epic from her perspective.
- The Cult of Draupadi by Alf Hiltebeitel - This acclaimed trilogy on the Mahabharata heroine is an exhaustive, scholarly account of the various folk traditions surrounding Draupadi in South India. Hiltebeitel travels through various parts of India, tracing and recording the lesser-known customs and tribes in Gingi Cult and much more, who extensively worship Draupadi as their deity - a status which has been attained by few Mahabharat characters. There are over 31 plays and ballads that are conducted in over 400 temples, that are dedicated to Draupadi Amman.
- Nathabati Anathbat by Shaoli Mitra - This is a famous stage play depicting the agony of Draupadi as a woman who "has five husbands, and yet none to protect her."
- Dropodi by Mahasweta Devi in Bengali - The recipient of Jnanpith Award, Sahitya Akademi Award and Padma Shri, the master storyteller weaves a contemporary tale of oppression with Draupadi as the lead character, whose characteristics are derived from the fiery heroine.
Draupadi as an epitome of feminism
Draupadi in Mahabharata is one of the only examples that participated in the practice of polyandry. She actively participated in her husbands' political affairs. When her husband Yudhishthira, put her at stake in a game of dice, she questioned his act instead of submitting to what he wanted. She also questioned the court as to why was it that when Yudhishthira had bet himself and lost the game, he has the right to still bet against her. This showed that in a predominant male society, she raised her voice. She argued and pleaded to defend her honour several times. After the shameful incident of her attempted disrobing, King had to apologise for his sons' disorderly conduct and offer her a boon. That's when Draupadi asked back for her husbands' titles and lands, and nothing for her own self. During the Agyaata Vaas in King Virata's kingdom, Draupadi was disguised as one of the queen's maids. Keechaka, the King's brother-in-law, tried to have his way with Draupadi, who turned to the king for help. This shows that Panchali had a firm belief in the law of the land, and was not afraid to take matters into her own hands if justice was at stake.
See also
- Yajnaseni, a novel by Pratibha Ray
- Yajnaseni, a play by Suman Pokhrel
References
Sources
- Eminent women in the Mahabharata by Vanamala Bhawalkar.
- The Critical Edition of Mahabharat(1966) published by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
- Mahabharata (1999) by Krishna Dharma
- Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, English translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
- Hiltebeitel, Alf (1999). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226340554. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
External links
- Sacred-texts.com
- The Kaurava race of Sri Lanka and the worship of Draupadi
- Karaga Worship is all about Goddess Draupadi
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments