Brotherhood and associate societies , or the Greek letter organization ( GLOs ) (collectively referred to as "b b> life Greek ") is a social organization in colleges and universities. A form of social fraternity, they stand out in the United States, with smaller numbers in France, Canada and the Philippines. Similar organizations exist in other countries as well, including Studentenverbindungen German-speaking countries.
Similar, but far more commonly, organizations exist for high school students too. In modern usage, the "Greek letter organization" is often synonymous with the terms "fraternity" and "student association". Two types of additional fraternities, professional fraternities and respectable societies, incorporate some limited elements of traditional brotherhood organizations but are generally regarded as different types of associations. The traditional fraternities of the kind described in this article are often called "social fraternities".
Generally, membership in a fraternity or association is obtained as a graduate student but continues, afterwards, for life. Some of these organizations may accept graduate students as well as students, subject to constitutional provisions.
Brotherhoods and associations of individuals vary in organization and purpose, but most share five common elements:
- Confidentiality
- Membership of one gender
- Selection of new members based on a two-part filtering and experiment process known as hurry and promising
- Ownership and occupancy of residential property where the undergraduate member lives
- A collection of complex identification symbols that may include Greek letters, armament achievements, ciphers, badges, grips, signatures, passwords, flowers, and colors
Fraternities and sororities engage in philanthropic activities; the host; provide "completion" training for new members, such as instructions on etiquette, dress, and etiquette; and create networking opportunities for their newly graduated members.
Video Fraternities and sororities
Histori
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The first fraternity in North America to combine most of the elements of modern fraternity is Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The establishment of Phi Beta Kappa follows the formation of two previous student secret societies that had existed on the campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard and Yale. At the beginning of the 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and renounced secrecy.
In 1825 the Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest surviving fraternity to maintain its social characteristics, was founded at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also established at the same institution, creating the Union Triad. Subsequently gave birth to Psi Upsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841) and Theta Delta Chi (1847) collectively founded Union College as the Mother of the Brotherhood.
The Brotherhood represents the crossroads between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiation orders such as Freemasonry. Their initial growth was widely opposed by university administrators, although the increasing influence of fraternal alumni, as well as some high profile court cases, managed to largely silence the opposition in the 1880s. The first meeting room or cottage was apparently part of the Alpha Epsilon chapter Chi Psi at the University of Michigan in 1845, leading to a tradition in the fraternity to name the building "cottage". Since fraternity membership is punished by expulsion at many colleges today, the house is deep inside the forest. The first residential house built by the fraternity is believed to have been the chapter of Alpha Delta Phi at Cornell, with a breakthrough dated 1878. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to have a residential home in the South when, in 1880, his chapter at the University of the South earned one. Chapters from many fraternities follow, buy and less often, build them with alumni support. The home of Phi Sigma Kappa at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest house still occupied by its fraterian builders.
Sororities
Sororities (originally called "feminine ladies") began to flourish in 1851 with the formation of the Adelphean Society of Alpha Delta Pi, although organizations such as fraternity for women did not take their current form until the formation of Pi Beta Phi in 1867 and Kappa Alpha Theta in 1870. "sorority" was discovered by a Latin professor who felt the word "brotherhood" was inappropriate for a group of women. The first organization to use the term "sorority" was Gamma Phi Beta, founded in 1874.
The development of "fraternity for women" during this time is a great achievement in terms of women's rights and equality. In the presence of these organizations oppose opportunities; founding women were able to advance their organizations despite the many factors that worked against them. The first "Brotherhood of Women" must not only overcome "restrictive social customs, unequal status under the law and underlying assumptions that they are less able than men" but at the same time have to face the same challenge as fraternity with the college administration high. Today both social and multicultural societies are present at over 650 campuses throughout the United States and Canada. The National Panhellenic Conference serves as an "umbrella organization" for 26 (among) national associations, representing over 4 million women at the college level and in alumni associations.
Internationalization
In 1867 the Chi Phi fraternity established Theta chapter at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, marking the first foray of American social fraternity outside the borders of the United States. At that time, many students from south America moved to Europe to study because the damaged southern university fell into during the American Civil War. One such group of Americans organized Chi Phi in Edinburgh, however, during the existence of Theta chapters, nobody started from non-American members. With the decline of American enrollment at European universities, Chi Phi in Edinburgh closed in 1870.
Nine years after Chi Phi's collaborative colonization at the University of Edinburgh, a second attempt was made to transplant the fraternal system outside the United States. In 1879 Zeta Psi established a chapter at the University of Toronto. The success of Zeta Psi in Toronto led him to open a second Canadian chapter at McGill University, hired in 1883. Other early foundations were the Kappa Alpha Society in Toronto in 1892 and at McGill in 1899, and Alpha Delta Phi in Toronto in 1893 and at McGill in 1897. The first association, Kappa Alpha Theta, was founded in Toronto in 1887. In 1927 there were 42 chapters of fraternity and student associations at the University of Toronto and 23 at McGill University. Several chapters were also reported at the University of British Columbia, Carleton University, Dalhousie University, Manitoba University, Queen's University, West Ontario University Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo University and Brock University.
Multiculturalism
Many Greek organizations in the past have imposed formal and informal prohibitions to guarantee individuals of various races and cultural backgrounds. While these limitations have since been abolished by the Inter-Brotherhood Conference and the National Pan-Hellenic Council, students of various ethnicities have united to form a council of multicultural Greek organizations. The Multicultural Greek Council, formally established in 1998, is a coordinating body of 19 Greek organizations, including nine fraternities, and ten associations of students with cultural affiliations.
The first multicultural society, Mu Sigma Upsilon was founded in November 1981 at Rutgers University. The formation of this Greek organization allowed the emergence of a fraternal movement and multicultural students, which gave birth to a multicultural movement.
Maps Fraternities and sororities
Structure and organization
General elements
Gender exclusivity
Brotherhood and women's associations are traditionally an organization of one sex, with a brotherhood consisting exclusively of men and women comprising only women. In the United States, fraternities and associations enjoy law-enforcement from Title IX legislation that prohibits this type of gender exclusion within student groups, and organizations like the Political Action Committee on Brotherhood and Equality work to defend the status quo in federal law.
Since the mid-20th century a small number of fraternities, such as Alpha Theta and Lambda Lambda Lambda, have chosen to be co-educational and accept female members. However, this generally represents a minority of Greek letter organizations and no such fraternity is currently a member of the North American Interfraternity Conference, the largest international association of fraternities. The first female fraternity was Pi Alpha Tau (1963-1991) at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Much more commonly, coed fraternity exists in the form of a "service fraternity" such as Alpha Phi Omega, Epsilon Sigma Alpha, Alpha Tau Mu, and others. These organizations are similar to "social" fraternities and associations, with the exception of female and non-resident students.
In 2016, Chi Phi began allowing transgender members, or those who identify as men, to join the social fraternity.
Government
The chapters of brotherhood and assemblage are, for the most part, largely governed by their active members (disciples); however, alumni members may retain ownership of legal property of fraternity or dormitory through an alumni or alumni company. All fraternity chapters or single association generally grouped together in a national or international organization that sets standards, set of symbols and rituals, publish journals or magazines for all the chapters of the organization, and has the power to grant and revoke charters to chapters. This federal structure is largely governed by members of fraternal alumni, albeit with some input from active members (students).
Rushing and promised (recruitment and new member period)
Most Greek letter organizations choose potential members through two parts of the screening and experimenting process, called rushing and pledging, respectively (new recruitment terms and member periods are more acceptable today). During the rush (recruitment), students attend designated social events, and sometimes formal interviews, organized by chapters of fraternity and associations in which they have a special interest. Normally, after a new nominee attends such events, the current officer or member meets personally to vote whether to extend the invitation or not (known as "bid") to the applicant candidate. Applicants who accept the offer, and choose to accept it, are deemed to have "promised" the fraternity or association, thus starting the appointment period (new member period). Students participating in the rush are known as "rushees" (Potential New Members "PNMs") while students who have received bids to a particular fraternity or student are known as "new members" or in some cases "promises."
The new member period may take from one weekend to several months. During this time new members may participate in almost all aspects of fraternal life or association, but are likely not allowed to hold positions in the organization. At the end of the new member period, the voting of both members can sometimes be taken, often, but not always, using a black ball system. New members who pass the second ballot are invited to formal rituals and secret initiation into the organization, advancing them to full membership.
Many organizations of the Greek letters give special consideration to promising a candidate whose father or brother or, in the case of a student association, mother or sister are members of the same fraternity or association. The candidate is known as "inheritance."
Membership in more than one fraternity or association is almost always prohibited. Recently, some Greek-speaking organizations have replaced the terms "promise" with "associate members" or "new members". Sigma Alpha Epsilon, in 2014, abolished the pledge completely. Prospective members are now immediately initiated into the fraternity upon receiving the offer.
Residency
Unique among most campus organizations, members of the social Greek letter organization often live together in a large house (generally privately owned by the fraternity itself, or by a brotherhood alumni association) or a different part of the university dormitory. A single bachelor brotherhood chapter can consist of between 20 and over 100 students, although most have an average of about 35 to 45 members and appointments. Often fraternities and home dorms (called huts or chapters) are located on the same street or within close proximity in the same neighborhood, which may be colloquially known as "Greek lines" or "frat lines." In some, often small, colleges, fraternities and associations occupy a certain part of the university's housing provided to them. Some fraternities and student associations are not stationed, with members providing their own accommodation. In many cases, fraternities or associations alone or rent non-residential clubhouses to be used for meetings and other activities.
Confidentiality and ritual
With some exceptions, most fraternities and associations are secret societies. While the identity of members or officers is seldom concealed, fraternities and associations demonstrate members after a period of promise through sometimes complicated personal rituals, often taken or adopted from the practice of Masonic rituals or Greek mysteries.
At the end of the initiation ritual, the organization's secret motto, secret purposes, and secret identification signs, such as handshakes and passwords, are usually expressed to its new members. Some fraternities also teach the initiation of an identity search tool used to confirm members of fraternal fellows.
Julian Hawthorne, son of Nathaniel Hawthorne, writes (in posthumous posthumous Memoirs ) from its initiation to Delta Kappa Epsilon:
I was initiated into the secret society of college - a few hours of rodomontade and humorous and fun horseplay, where I worked together like in a fun, confident nightmare, even when stamped with hot iron or watered heads - Through the heels in boiling oil, that it will come out just fine. The new guy was effectively blindfolded during the process, and finally, still invisible, I was led down the steps to a quiet basement, and helped to the coffin, where I had to stay until the Resurrection... So that was only when my father died from this earth, I lay in a coffin during my initiation to Delta Kappa Epsilon.
Meetings and rituals are sometimes carried out in what is known as "chapter chambers" located within the fraternal home. Entry into chapter spaces is often prohibited for all but the initiates. In one extreme case, the fire officer's response to a fire marked by an automatic alarm at Sigma Phi's chapter house at the University of Wisconsin in 2003 was hampered partly because members of the fraternity refused to reveal the location of a hidden chapter room, where fires had erupted, to emergency responders.
According to Assistant Professor Caroline Rolland-Diamond of Paris West University Nanterre La DÃ © Ã © fense, in a popular ritual in the 1960s, was born out of frustration against the ubiquitous resistance, "The men were stripped to pants they are, tied to a tree, and covered in a mixture of bad food and leaves, remaining there until their fiancée comes to free them with a kiss. "
Naming symbols and conventions
The symbol of brotherhood or sorority is the eternal symbol of membership in the Greek letter organization. Most fraternities have also had a very important achievement. Members of fraternity and association speak of members of the same organization as "brothers" (in the case of fraternities) or "sisters" (in the case of student associations). The names of almost all fraternities and associations consist of two or three Greek letters, for example, Delta Delta Delta, Sigma Chi, Chi Omega, or Upsilon Psi. There are some exceptions to this general rule, as in the case of the Triangle Brotherhood, Acacia, and Seals and Snakes.
Membership Profile
Demographics
There are about 9 million students and alumni members of the fraternity and student associations in North America, or about 3 percent of the total population. Approximately 750,000 of the members of fraternity and female students today are students who come from a chapter undergraduate.
A 2007 survey by Princeton University showed that high and white income students were far more likely than other students to be in fraternity and association. Senior surveys of classes in 2009 and 2010 showed that 77 percent of female students and 73 percent of members were white fraternity.
Fraternity and famous sorority members
Since 1900, 63 percent of US cabinet members have become members of a fraternity and student association, and the current chief executive officers of five of the ten largest Fortune 500 companies are members of fraternities and associations. In addition, 85 percent of all US Supreme Court justices since 1910 have become members of the fraternity. The US President since World War II who had been initiated into the fraternity was George W. Bush, George H.W. Bush, Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, and Franklin Roosevelt. Three Canadian Prime Ministers have become members of the fraternity.
Currently about 25 percent of members of the US House of Representatives and 40 percent of US Senate members are members of the Greek letter organization.
Actress Sophia Bush is a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma at the University of Southern California and has since resumed her career on television and received Human Rights Campaign from Ally for Equality Award. Other prominent female students include Mariska Hargitay, who is an actress and founder of the Exciting Heart Foundation.
Academic performance
Studies have found that university graduation rates are 20% higher among members of the Greek letter organization than among non-members and students who are members of the fraternity and student societies typically have an average grade averaged higher than the average. One of the reasons for this is the many chapters that require members to maintain certain academic standards.
Professional progress
There is a high representation of former members of Greek life among certain elites in the United States. 43 of the 50 heads of the largest national companies are members of Greece along with 40 of the 47 last judges. Greek members "are more likely to thrive in their welfare and engage in work than college graduates who do not go to Greece," according to a study conducted by Gallup and Purdue University.
Personal compliance
The 2014 Gallup survey of 30,000 university alumni found that people who said they had become members of the Greek letter organization while undergraduates reported having a greater sense of purpose, as well as better social and physical well-being, than those who did not.
Criticism
Homogeneous membership and elitism
Greek letter organizations are often characterized as elitist or exclusive associations, organized for the benefit of a largely white upper class membership base. Members of the brotherhood and association are disproportionately derived from certain socio-economic demographics, perpetuating unhealthy divisions within the student body based on ethnicity and income and preserving patterns of exclusivity and privilege. Brotherhood in particular has been criticized for what counts as their promotion of an alcohol-based, party-centered lifestyle.
New York Times columnist Frank Bruni questioned the existence of an exclusive club on campuses meant to facilitate independence, writes: "[College] must foster a sensibility that makes you a better citizen of diverse and community the anxious, how can it happen by retreating into exclusive clicks of people like you? "
Some colleges and universities have banned Greek letter organizations on the grounds that they are, by their nature and structure, elitist and exclusive. The most famous and oldest prohibition is at Princeton (Leitch 1978), although Princeton now has a fraternity since the 1980s. Oberlin College banned "secret societies" (fraternities and sororities) in 1847, and the prohibition continues today. Quaker universities such as Guilford College and Earlham College often forbid fraternities and student associations because they are seen as a violation of the principle of Quaker equality. Brandeis University has never allowed a fraternity or student association because it maintains a policy that all student organizations have open membership for all.
Alcoholism
Members of the brotherhood "are much more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs than their counterparts who are not affiliated with Greece." One Harvard University study found that "4 out of 5 members of fraternity and female college students are party drinkers.In comparison, other studies show 2 out of 5 students overall are regular party drinkers."
Destroy
Fraternity, and to a much lesser extent, has been criticized for the hazing sometimes made by active members of the scholars against their chapter promises. Hazing during the pawn period can sometimes culminate in an event commonly known as "Hell Week" in which a series of physical and mental tortures during a week are dropped on an appointment. Common hazing practices include lack of sleep, sensory deprivation, rowing and other types of hitting, use of stress positions, forced walks, busy occupations, and mind games. Less rare incidents involving branding, enema, urination on appointments, and forcible consumption of spoiled food have been reported. Hazing in many cases has been reported and has led to the permanent disposal of certain chapters of fraternity and associations throughout the country.
Fraternal supporters note that hazing is almost universally prohibited by national fraternal organizations, and the occurrence of hazing in the chapter of undergraduate fraternity is against official policy. Brotherhood supporters also note that hazing is not unique to Greek letter organizations and is often reported in other student organizations, such as the athletic team.
In 2007, an anti-haze hotline was formed to report incidents of hazing on campuses. Currently, 46 national fraternity and student organizations support a toll-free number, which generates automated email messages about hazing and sends them to the national headquarters directly from the National Anti-Hazing Hotline. Each year during the last week of September is considered National Disaster Management Week (NHPW). From hazingprevention.org, "NHPW is an opportunity for colleges, schools, communities, organizations and individuals to raise awareness about hazing issues, educate others about hazing, and promote haze prevention." HazingPrevention.Org (TM) is the organizer of the National Fire Prevention Week (Sunday) NHPW). "
Nepotism and network
Critics of the Greek letter organization stated that they created a culture of nepotism in the future, while supporters have praised them for creating networking opportunities for members after graduation. A 2013 report by Bloomberg found that fraternal connections had an effect on obtaining profitable job positions at top Wall Street brokers. According to the report, new graduates have been known to exchange secrets of their brotherly handshakes with executives who they know are also members to gain access to competitive promises.
Sex and sexual harassment
Studies show that brotherhood men are three times more likely to rape than other men on campus. Brotherhood is often accused of fostering the attitude of supporting rape by promoting male dominance and fraternity, and fraternal affiliation has been found to be a significant predictor of sexual predatory behavior in retrospective research. Furthermore, research shows that women in student societies are almost twice as likely to experience rape than other college women.
Nicholas Syrett, a professor of history at the University of Northern Colorado, has been a vocal critic of the evolution of brotherhood in the 20th century. Syrett has stated that "masculinity brotherhood, at least for 80 years, athletics, sports alcohol, and sex with women." Time , Jessica Bennett magazine columnist denounced the fraternity as a "sexism and hatred of women long term after college." In his column, Bennett recalled that, when he was a graduate student at Southern California University, the fraternity doormen "often placed women on a scale of one to 10, with only 'sixties' and until they were given entry to a party."
Racism and racist incident
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