The vuvuzela , also known as lepatata (Tswana's name), is a plastic horn, about 65 cm (2 feet) long, which produces a loud monotone tone, usually around B ? 3 (B ? below middle C). Some models are made in two parts to facilitate storage, and this design also allows pitch variation. Many types of vuvuzelas, manufactured by several manufacturers, can produce various intensities and frequency outputs. The intensity of this output depends on the blowing technique and the pressure applied.
Traditionally made and inspired from kudu horns, vuvuzelas are used to call distant villagers to attend community meetings. Vuvuzela is usually used in football matches in South Africa, and it has become a symbol of South African football because the stadium is filled with his voice. The intensity of the voice attracted the attention of the global soccer community during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in anticipation of South Africa hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Vuvuzela has been the subject of controversy when used by spectators at football matches. High levels of sound pressure at close range may cause permanent hearing loss for unprotected ears after exposure, with a sound rate of 120 dB (A) (pain threshold) at 1 meter (3.3 ft) from the opening of the device.
Video Vuvuzela
Origin
Plastic aeropons, such as corneta and similar devices, have been used in Brazil and other Latin American countries since the 1960s.
These plastic horns have been marketed and available in the United States as the "Stadium Horn" since the mid-1960s. Similar horns have been around much longer. An instrument that looks like a vuvuzela appeared on Winslow Homer 1870's "The Dinner Horn".
The origin of the device is debatable. The term vuvuzela was first used in South Africa from the Zulu language or Nguni dialect which means to make a vuvu sound (directly translated: vuvu-ing). The controversy over the discovery emerged in early 2010. South African Kaizer leader encouraged Freddie "Saddam" Maake claimed the invention of the vuvuzela by making an aluminum version in 1965 from the bicycle horn and had photographic evidence of himself holding aluminum vuvuzela in the 1970s, 1980s and the 1990s. He also claims to have created vuvuzela from Zulu for "welcome", "unity" and "celebration". The Masincedane Sport plastic factory popularized the ubiquitous plastic vuvuzela that was heard in South African football matches in 2002, and the Nazareth Baptist Church claimed the vuvuzela belonged to their church.
Maps Vuvuzela
International tournament
The football association's football association, FIFA, proposes banning vuvuzelas from the stadium, as they are seen as potential weapons for hooligans and can be used in marketing ambushes. Columnist Jon Qwelane described the device as "a tool of hell". South African football authorities argue that vuvuzelas are part of South African football experience. Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso said: "The trumpets... I do not like the sound... FIFA should ban those things... it is not good to have such a voice". Dutch coach Bert van Marwijk commented, "... it's annoying... in the stadium you're used to but it's still not fun".
Commentator Farayi Mungazi said, "Banning the vuvuzela will take on the distinctiveness of the World Cup of South Africa... really important for an authentic South African football experience". FIFA president Sepp Blatter replied, "we should not try to European-African World Cup... that's African and South African football - about noise, excitement, dance, shouting and fun". Despite criticism, FIFA agreed to allow its use in the stadium during the 2009 FIFA Confederation Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup. South African football authorities argue that during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, vuvuzelas gained immense popularity, although TV viewers suffered a lot from the pollution of the vuvuzela sound.
FIFA World Cup 2010
Marketing
Hyundai built the world's largest vuvuzela as part of a marketing campaign for the World Cup. The 35 meter (115 feet) blue Vuvuzela mounted at Foreshore Freeway Bridge, Cape Town is intended for use at the start of every game; However, it has not been heard of the record during the World Cup because of its volume to the attention of the city government.
Reception
Her circumstances led to many suggestions for limiting her use, muffling her voice, and even a direct ban.
Broadcasting organizations have difficulty with their presentations. Television and radio audiences often hear only the vuvuzela sounds. BBC, RTÃÆ' â € °, ESPN and BSkyB have examined the possibility of filtering out ambient sounds while retaining game comments.
Vuvuzela raises health and safety concerns. Competitors believe continuous noise hampers the players' ability to get their breaks, and degrades the quality of team performance. Other critics say that the vuvuzela interfere with team communication and player concentration during the game. The demand for earplugs to protect against hearing loss during supply exceeds supply, with many pharmacies out of stock. One of the major vuvuzela producers even started selling their own earplugs to the audience.
Audio filtration
Notch filtering, audio filtering techniques, is proposed to reduce the vuvuzela sound in the broadcast and improve the clarity of comment audio. Vuvuzela produces a tone at a frequency of approximately 235 Hz and its first partial at 465 Hz. However, this filtering technique affects the clarity of comment audio. Adaptive filter proposals by universities and research organizations solve this problem by maintaining the amplitude and clarity of commentators' noise and crowd noise. Such screening techniques have been adopted by some cable television providers.
2018 FIFA World Cup
Vuvuzela made a comeback at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and has been used mainly by Iranian supporters. Just as in 2010, there was a counterattack against the use of vuvuzelas.
Health effects and regulation
Health issues
A 2010 study by Dr Ruth McNerney from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and colleagues, concluded that the spread of the disease through vuvuzelas was possible. McNerney found a small droplet at the bottom of the vuvuzela that could carry colds and cold germs small enough to remain suspended in the air for hours, and could enter the lungs of someone's airways. Vuvuzelas can infect others on a larger scale than cough or screaming.
Vuvuzelas have the potential to cause hearing loss caused by noise. Prof. James Hall III, Dr. Dirk Koekemoer, De Wet Swanepoel and colleagues at the University of Pretoria found that vuvuzelas can have a negative effect when ear drum listeners are exposed to the sound of high-intensity instruments. Vuvuzela produces an average sound pressure of 113 dB (A) at 2 meters (6.6Ã, ft) from the opening of the device. The study found that subjects should not be exposed to more than 15 minutes per day at a 100 dB intensity (A). This study assumes that if one vuvuzela emits a very dangerous sound to the subject within a 2 meter radius, and many vuvuzelas are usually detonated together during a game, it can put the audience at significant risk of hearing loss. Experts losing hearing at the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommend that exposure at a rate of 113 dB (A) does not exceed 45 seconds per day. The newer models have a modified funnel that reduces volume up to 20dB.
Noise levels and restrictions
Concerns about the constant intensity generated by the vuvuzela during the 2010 FIFA World Cup matches were independently raised by representatives of international football teams, spectators and sports commentators. The noise levels shown during the 2010 FIFA World Cup encourage sports organizations to ban vuvuzelas at events and places in the future, even including the upcoming World Cup:
- Wembley Stadium (as part of the overall noise-making prohibition)
- 2014 FIFA World Cup
- 2018 FIFA World Cup
- All sporting events in Cardiff City, SWALEC, and Millennium Stadiums
- Wimbledon
- God's Cricket Ground
- Melbourne Cricket Ground
- WACA Field in Perth.
- The Gabba Cricket Square in Brisbane.
- The Sydney Cricket Ground
- The current Twenty20 cricket tournament is now dead.
- Yankee Stadium
- Fuji Rock Festival
- Southeast US sports campus conference
- Ultimate Fighting Championship event.
- Gaelic Athletic Association event
- The Little League 2010 World Series
- Jeld-Wen Field
- UEFA, including all Champions League matches, Europa League, Euro 2012 and Euro 2016.
- Rugby World Cup 2011
- Continental Hockey League
- FIBA ​​World Championship 2010 and other basketball tournaments since then
- National Football League (as part of the overall noisemaker ban)
- Series of Evolution Championships for fighting games.
- Headmaster Association of Vermont Sports High School
Some shopping centers in South Africa prohibit the use of vuvuzelas. They are also banned at the Baltimore anime convention 2010 Otakon, the convention committee stated that any participant who brought the vuvuzela could be confiscated from them, and that anyone who blew someone could face expulsion from the event.
Another such action was taken in response to the vuvuzela prevalence at the Los Angeles-based Expo Anime 2010, attended by representatives from Otakon who felt the disruption caused discomfort for some of the Anime Expo participants they wanted to avoid in Baltimore's later events.
Nine Premier League clubs have banned the device. Five clubs (Arsenal, Birmingham City, Everton, Fulham and Liverpool) have banned them for health and safety reasons while Sunderland, West Ham United and West Bromwich Albion have banned them for policy on musical instruments. Manchester United banned vuvuzela from Old Trafford on August 13, 2010. However, two clubs (Manchester City and Stoke City) have allowed them.
The 2012 Olympic organizer places a ban on vuvuzelas at sporting events.
Usage in protest
On July 13, 2010, protesters with vuvuzelas gathered at the headquarters of BP London to protest the handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
In Wisconsin, Anti-Walker, pro-union protesters have used vuvuzela extensively. A DJ Madison, Nick Nice, ordered 200 and distributed it to the protesters. Madison police even issued permission to use the vuvuzelas inside the DPR building.
In March 2012, German protesters used the vuvuzela during the official traditional torch ceremony, GroÃÆ'Ÿer Zapfenstreich, who bid farewell to German President Christian Wulff. Wulff had resigned earlier on charges of corruption, but he still received the honor of a military ceremony, which made Germany divided. [3]
Use in music
The use of vuvuzelas in the art of music is limited. One of the few compositions made for him is a baroque double concerto in C major for vuvuzela, organ (or harpsichord) and string orchestra, written by Timo Kiiskinen, Professor of Church Music at Sibelius Academy, Helsinki; the concert organ version was aired on October 21, 2010 at the Sibelius Academy Organ Hall, and the harpsichord version on December 19, 2010 at the Pro Puu gallery in Lahti.
Alternative rock band Catzo Music All-Stars uses two vuvuzelas as the basis of the 2010 song "Larissa Riquelme (reprise)".
See also
- Makarapa - handmade hats are worn by the audience to show their team support
- Portable or private air horn - produces sounds similar to vuvuzela
- Football rattle - a percussion instrument that produces click and cracking sounds
- Thundersticks - a narrow plastic balloon used as a promotional noise maker
References
External links
- 10 Things about Vuvuzela by the BBC
- Promotional film for Mexico World Cup 86 - Mexican plastic trumpet display - YouTube
- Vuvuzela Day - slideshow by The First Post
- Moriarty, Philip (2010). "Vuvuzela". Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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